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Which Cloud Type Is Composed of Ice Crystals and Can Cause a Halo to Form Around the Sun or Moon?

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Genus of atmospheric cloud

This commodity is most the cloud. For the shipping manufacturer, encounter Cirrus Shipping. For other uses, see Cirrus.

Cirrus cloud
CirrusField-color.jpg

Cirrus
Abridgement Ci
Genus Cirro- (gyre)
Species
  • Castellanus
  • Fibratus
  • Floccus
  • Spissatus
  • Uncinus
Variety
  • Duplicatus
  • Intortus
  • Radiatus
  • Vertebratus
Altitude 5,000–fifteen,000 m
(sixteen,000–49,000 ft)
Classification Family unit A (High-level)
Appearance High-altitude, thin, and wispy cloud streaks composed of ice crystals
Precipitation cloud? None

Cirrus (cloud nomenclature symbol: Ci) is a genus of atmospheric deject generally characterized past sparse, wispy strands, giving the type its proper name from the Latin word cirrus, meaning "gyre" or "curling lock of hair".[1] Such a cloud can form at whatever distance betwixt 5,000 and thirteen,700 m (16,500 and 45,000 ft) higher up sea level. The strands of cloud sometimes appear in tufts of a distinctive class referred to by the mutual proper name of "mares' tails".[two]

From the surface of Earth, cirrus clouds typically announced white or light greyness. They grade when water vapor undergoes degradation at altitudes to a higher place 5,500 m (18,000 ft) in temperate regions and above 6,400 m (21,000 ft) in tropical ones. They also form from the outflow of tropical cyclones and from the anvils of cumulonimbus clouds. Cirrus clouds also arrive in advance of the frontal systems associated with those storms, likely showing the weather will get worse. Though indicating the arrival of atmospheric precipitation, these clouds produce, themselves, at almost fall streaks, whose ice crystals evaporate in warmer and drier air, without reaching ground level.

Jet stream-powered cirrus clouds can grow long enough to stretch across continents, while remaining only a few kilometers deep.[3] Interaction of visible low-cal with the ice crystals in them produces, below, optical phenomena such as sunday dogs and halos. Cirrus is known to raise the temperature (due the heat released as h2o vapor freezes) of the air beneath the main cloud layer, by an average of 10 °C (18 °F), When the individual filaments become so all-encompassing equally to be almost indistinguishable, one from some other, they course a canvass of high cloud called cirrostratus. Convection at high altitudes can produce another high-based genus of deject, cirrocumulus, with a blueprint of small deject tufts containing aerosol of supercooled water. Some polar stratospheric clouds tin can resemble cirrus, and noctilucent clouds typically become structured in means[ vague ] similar to those of cirrus.

Cirrus clouds likewise form in the atmospheres of other planets, including Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, and have been seen even on Titan, i of Saturn's larger moons. Some of these extraterrestrial cirrus clouds are composed of ammonia or ices of methane, much as with terrestrial water water ice. The term cirrus too applies to certain interstellar clouds, composed of sub-micrometer-sized grains of dust.

Description [edit]

Long, thin, straight cirrus against a blue sky on the left merging to cirrocumulus on the right

Cirrus clouds merging to cirrocumulus clouds

Cirrus clouds range in thickness from 100 1000 (330 ft) to 8,000 g (26,000 ft), with an average thickness of 1,500 m (four,900 ft). There are, on average, xxx ice crystals per liter (110 per gallon) , but this ranges from ane water ice crystal per ten,000 liters (iii.vii ice crystals per 10,000 US gallons) to ten,000 ice crystals per liter (37,000 water ice crystals per United states of america gallon), a difference of viii orders of magnitude. The size of each ice crystals is usually 0.25 millimeters,[iv] but they range from as short as 0.01 millimeters or several millimeters.[five] The water ice crystals in contrails are much smaller than those in naturally occurring cirrus cloud, as they are effectually 0.001 millimeters to 0.1 millimeters in length.[6] Cirrus tin can vary in temperature from −twenty °C (−4 °F) to −xxx °C (−22 °F).[5]

The ice crystals in cirrus clouds accept different shapes in addition to different sizes. Some shapes include solid columns, hollow columns, plates, rosettes, and conglomerations of the various other types. The shape of the ice crystals is adamant by the air temperature, atmospheric pressure, and ice supersaturation. Cirrus in temperate regions typically have the shapes segregated by type: the columns and plates tend to be at the top of the cloud, whereas the rosettes and conglomerations tend to be nearly the base.[5] In the northern Arctic region, cirrus clouds tend to be composed upward of only the columns, plates, and conglomerations, and these crystals tend to be at least 4 times larger than the minimum size. In Antarctica, cirrus are usually composed of only the columns, and these columns are much longer than normal.[5]

A picture of contorted cirrus cloud shining red in the sunset. Fall streaks (like long thin streamers) descend from the clouds.

Fall streaks in a cirrus cloud

Scientists have studied the characteristics of cirrus using several dissimilar methods. One, Low-cal Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), gives highly accurate information on the deject'southward altitude, length, and width. Balloon-carried hygrometers give information on the humidity of the cirrus deject but are not accurate enough to measure the depth of the deject. Radar units give data on the altitudes and thicknesses of cirrus clouds.[7] Another data source is satellite measurements from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) program. These satellites measure where infrared radiation is absorbed in the temper, and if it is absorbed at cirrus altitudes, then information technology is assumed that there are cirrus clouds in that location.[8] The United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) as well gives information on the cirrus deject cover by measuring reflected infrared radiations of diverse specific frequencies during the day. During the dark, information technology determines cirrus cover by detecting the Earth's infrared emissions. The cloud reflects this radiation dorsum to the basis, thus enabling satellites to see the "shadow" information technology casts into space.[nine] Visual observations from aircraft or the ground provide additional information nigh cirrus clouds.[viii]

Cirrus fibratus clouds pictured against the sky

Based on data taken from the U.s. using these methods, cirrus cloud cover was found to vary diurnally and seasonally. The researchers plant that in the summer, at noon, the cover is the everyman, with an average of 23% of the United States' land area covered by cirrus. Around midnight, the deject cover increases to around 28%. In winter, the cirrus cloud cover did non vary appreciably from solar day to dark. These percentages include clear days and nights, as well every bit days and nights with other cloud types, as lack of cirrus cloud comprehend. When these clouds are nowadays, the typical coverage ranges from 30% to l%.[3] Based on satellite information, cirrus covers an average of 20% to 25% of the Globe's surface. In the tropical regions, this cloud covers around 70% of the region's surface expanse.[5]

Cirrus clouds ofttimes produce hair-like filaments (similar to the virga produced in liquid–water clouds) called fall streaks, and they are made of heavier ice crystals that fall from the cloud. The sizes and shapes of autumn streaks are adamant by the air current shear.[10]

Hooked cirrus clouds showing the cirrus uncinus subform.

The cirrus uncinus subform of cirrus clouds

Cirrus comes in four distinct species; Cirrus castellanus, fibratus, spissatus, and uncinus; which are each divided into four varieties: intortus, vertebratus, radiatus, and duplicatus.[11] Cirrus castellanus is a species that has cumuliform tops caused by high-altitude convection rising upwardly from the main cloud body. Cirrus fibratus looks striated and is the most common cirrus species. Cirrus uncinus clouds are hooked and are the form that is unremarkably called mare's tails. Of the varieties, Cirrus intortus has an extremely contorted shape, and cirrus radiatus has large, radial bands of cirrus clouds that stretch across the sky. Kelvin–Helmholtz waves are a form of cirrus intortus that has been twisted into loops by vertical current of air shear.[12]

Formation [edit]

Cirrus clouds are formed when water vapor undergoes deposition at high altitudes where the atmospheric pressure ranges from 600 mbar at four,000 m (13,000 ft) above sea level to 200 mbar at 12,000 grand (39,000 ft) above ocean level.[13] These weather normally occur at the leading border of a warm front.[14] Because humidity is low at such high altitudes, this genus-blazon tends to be very sparse.[2] Cirrus clouds are equanimous of ice crystals that originate from the freezing of super cooled water droplets in regions where air temperature is lower than −twenty °C or −thirty °C. Cirrus usually occur in fair weather. They are formed when it is high plenty to be cold and freeze the h2o drops into ice. They sometimes may be caused by turbulence and wind shear, or by upper-tropospheric convection. Sometimes they are like blown out water ice-crystals spreading from the pinnacle of a dying cumulonimbus.

Cirrus deject germination may be effected by secondary organic aerosols, i.e. particles produced past natural establish life.[fifteen] [16]

Cyclones [edit]

A picture showing the vast shield of cirrus clouds accompanying Hurricane Isabel in 2003.

Cirrus forms from tropical cyclones, and is unremarkably seen fanning out from the eyewalls of hurricanes. A big shield of cirrus and cirrostratus typically accompanies the high altitude outflow of hurricanes or typhoons,[9] and these can make the underlying rain bands—and sometimes even the eye—difficult to discover in satellite photographs.[17]

Thunderstorms [edit]

A picture showing the cirrus clouds lancing out from the anvil of the thunderstorm. Picture taken just before the lower mass of the cumulonimbus cloud went over the photographer.

Thunderstorms tin can grade dense cirrus at their tops. Every bit the cumulonimbus cloud in a thunderstorm grows vertically, the liquid h2o aerosol freeze when the air temperature reaches the freezing point.[18] The anvil deject takes its shape because the temperature inversion at the tropopause prevents the warm, moist air forming the thunderstorm from rising any higher, thus creating the flat peak.[19] In the tropics, these thunderstorms occasionally produce copious amounts of cirrus from their anvils.[twenty] High-altitude winds commonly push this dense mat out into an anvil shape that stretches downwind every bit much every bit several kilometers.[19]

Private cirrus cloud formations tin can exist the remnants of anvil clouds formed by thunderstorms. In the dissipating stage of a cumulonimbus cloud, when the normal column rise up to the anvil has evaporated or dissipated, the mat of cirrus in the anvil is all that is left.[21]

Contrails [edit]

Contrails are an artificial blazon of cirrus cloud formed when water vapor from the exhaust of a jet engine condenses on particles, which come from either the surrounding air or the frazzle itself, and freezes, leaving behind a visible trail. The exhaust tin likewise trigger the germination of cirrus by providing ice nuclei when there is an insufficient naturally-occurring supply in the atmosphere.[6] 1 of the environmental impacts of aviation is that persistent contrails can form into large mats of cirrus,[22] and increased air traffic has been implicated as one possible cause of the increasing frequency and amount of cirrus in Earth'southward atmosphere.[22] [23]

Use in forecasting [edit]

High cloud weather map symbols.

Random, isolated cirrus do non have any detail significance.[xiv] A big number of cirrus clouds tin can exist a sign of an approaching frontal system or upper air disturbance. This signals a change in weather in the near time to come, which usually becomes more than stormy.[24] If the cloud is a cirrus castellanus, there might be instability at the high altitude level.[fourteen] When the clouds deepen and spread, especially when they are of the cirrus radiatus variety or cirrus fibratus species, this normally indicates an approaching weather front. If it is a warm front end, the cirrus clouds spread out into cirrostratus, which so thicken and lower into altocumulus and altostratus. The next ready of clouds are the rain-bearing nimbostratus clouds.[1] [14] [25] When cirrus clouds precede a cold front, squall line or multicellular thunderstorm, information technology is considering they are blown off the anvil, and the next to arrive are the cumulonimbus clouds.[25] Kelvin-Helmholtz waves indicate extreme wind shear at high levels.[fourteen]

Within the torrid zone, 36 hours prior to the center passage of a tropical whirlwind, a veil of white cirrus clouds approaches from the direction of the whirlwind.[26] In the mid to late 19th century, forecasters used these cirrus veils to predict the arrival of hurricanes. In the early on 1870s the president of Belén College in Havana, Cuba, Father Benito Viñes, developed the first hurricane forecasting organisation, and he mainly used the motility of these clouds in formulating his predictions.[27] He would observe the clouds hourly from 4:00 am to 10:00 pm. Afterward accumulating plenty data, Viñes began accurately predicting the paths of hurricanes, and he somewhen summarized his observations in his volume, Apuntes Relativos a los Huracanes de las Antilles.[28]

Effects on climate [edit]

Cirrus clouds cover up to 25% of the Earth (up to 70% in the tropics[29]) and take a cyberspace heating effect.[30] When they are thin and translucent, the clouds efficiently blot outgoing infrared radiation while only marginally reflecting the incoming sunlight.[31] When cirrus clouds are 100 chiliad (330 ft) thick, they reflect only around 9% of the incoming sunlight, merely they prevent almost fifty% of the approachable infrared radiation from escaping, thus raising the temperature of the atmosphere beneath the clouds by an average of 10 °C (18 °F)[32]—a process known as the greenhouse issue.[33] Averaged worldwide, deject formation results in a temperature loss of five °C (nine °F) at the globe'due south surface, mainly the effect of stratocumulus clouds.[34]

Fine type of Cirrus Clouds

As a outcome of their warming effects when relatively sparse, cirrus clouds accept been implicated as a potential partial cause of global warming.[31] Scientists accept speculated that global warming could crusade high thin deject cover to increment, thereby increasing temperatures and humidity. This, in turn, would increment the cirrus deject comprehend, effectively creating a positive feedback circuit. A prediction of this hypothesis is that the cirrus would move college as the temperatures rose, increasing the book of air underneath the clouds and the corporeality of infrared radiation reflected back downwards to earth.[6] In addition, the hypothesis suggests that the increase in temperature would tend to increment the size of the ice crystals in the cirrus cloud, possibly causing the reflection of solar radiation and the reflection of the World's infrared radiation to balance out.[6] [34]

Cirrus cloud thinning has been proposed as a possible geoengineering arroyo to reduce climate harm due to CO2.

Optical phenomena [edit]

A circumhorizontal arc projected onto a sheet of striated cirrus clouds seen through a hole in lower-level cumulus clouds.

Cirrus clouds, similar cirrostratus clouds, can produce several optical effects, such equally halos around the sun and moon. Halos are caused by interaction of the light with hexagonal ice crystals present in the clouds, which, depending on their shape and orientation, can result in a wide variety of white and colored rings, arcs and spots in the heaven. Mutual halo varieties are the 22° halo, sunday dogs, the circumzenithal arc and the circumhorizontal arc (also known as fire rainbows).[v] [35] [36] Halos produced by cirrus clouds tend to exist more than pronounced and colorful than those caused by cirrostratus.

More rarely, cirrus clouds are capable of producing glories, more than commonly associated with liquid water-based clouds such equally stratus. A celebrity is a prepare of concentric, faintly-colored glowing rings that appear effectually the shadow of the observer, and are all-time observed from a high viewpoint or from a plane.[37] Cirrus clouds but form glories when the constituent ice crystals are aspherical, and researchers advise that the ice crystals must be betwixt 0.009 millimeters and 0.015 millimeters in length.[38]

Relation to other clouds [edit]

A diagram showing clouds at various heights

The heights of diverse cloud genera including high, middle, low, and vertical

Cirrus clouds are 1 of iii unlike genera of high-étage (high-level) clouds. High-étage clouds form at v,000 chiliad (16,500 ft) and above in temperate regions. The other 2 genera, cirrocumulus and cirrostratus, are besides high clouds.

In the intermediate range, from 2,000 to 7,000 thou (6,500 to 23,000 ft) in temperate regions, are the mid-étage clouds. They contain two or three genera depending on the system of superlative nomenclature being used: altostratus, altocumulus, and, co-ordinate to WMO classification, nimbostratus. These clouds are formed from ice crystals, supercooled water droplets, or liquid h2o aerosol.[39]

Low-étage clouds class at less than 2,000 m (half-dozen,500 ft). The two genera that are strictly low-étage are stratus, and stratocumulus. These clouds are equanimous of water droplets, except during winter when they are formed of supercooled water droplets or ice crystals if the temperature at deject level is beneath freezing. Two additional genera usually class in the depression altitude range, only may exist based at higher levels under weather of very depression humidity. They contain the genera cumulus, and cumulonimbus, which along with nimbostratus, are oftentimes classified separately as clouds of vertical evolution, especially when their tops are high enough to exist equanimous of super-cooled h2o droplets or ice crystals.[forty]

The altitudes of loftier-étage clouds like cirrus vary considerably with latitude. In the polar regions, they are at their lowest, with a minimum distance of only iii,000 m (10,000 ft) to a maximum of 7,600 m (25,000 ft). In tropical regions, they are at their highest, ranging in altitude from nearly half dozen,100 m (20,000 ft) to around 18,000 yard (60,000 ft). In temperate regions, they range in distance from 5,000 m (16,500 ft) to 14,000 m (45,000 ft)—a variation in dissimilarity to low-étage clouds, which do not appreciably change altitude with breadth.[39]

Summary of loftier cloud genera [edit]

A picture of a solar halo shown as the fun sets

At that place are three main genera in the family of loftier clouds: cirrus, cirrocumulus, and cirrostratus.[41] Cirrostratus clouds unremarkably produce halos considering they are composed virtually entirely of ice crystals.[42] Cirrocumulus and cirrostratus are sometimes informally referred to as "cirriform clouds" because of their frequent association with cirrus. They are given the prefix "cirro-", but this refers more to their altitude range than their physical structure. Cirrocumulus in its pure form is actually a loftier cumuliform genus, and cirrostratus is stratiform, similar altostratus and lower based sheet clouds.

Cirrocumulus [edit]

A large field of cirrocumulus clouds in a blue sky, beginning to merge near the upper left.

A big field of cirrocumulus clouds

Cirrocumulus clouds course in sheets or patches[43] and practice not cast shadows. They commonly announced in regular, rippling patterns[41] or in rows of clouds with clear areas between.[1] Cirrocumulus are, like other members of the cumuliform category, formed via convective processes.[44] Significant growth of these patches indicates high-distance instability and can signal the approach of poorer weather.[45] [46] The water ice crystals in the bottoms of cirrocumulus clouds tend to be in the form of hexagonal cylinders. They are non solid, but instead tend to take stepped funnels coming in from the ends. Towards the top of the deject, these crystals have a tendency to clump together.[47] These clouds do not terminal long, and they tend to alter into cirrus because every bit the h2o vapor continues to eolith on the ice crystals, they eventually begin to fall, destroying the upward convection. The deject then dissipates into cirrus.[48] Cirrocumulus clouds come in iv species: stratiformis, lenticularis, castellanus, and floccus.[45] They are iridescent when the elective supercooled h2o aerosol are all well-nigh the same size.[46]

Cirrostratus [edit]

Milky-white cirrostratus clouds cause the sky to appear lighter and have a milky tint.

Cirrostratus clouds can appear as a milky sheen in the sky[45] or as a striated sheet.[41] They are sometimes similar to altostratus and are distinguishable from the latter because the sunday or moon is always clearly visible through transparent cirrostratus, in contrast to altostratus which tends to be opaque or translucent.[49] Cirrostratus come in two species, fibratus and nebulosus.[45] The ice crystals in these clouds vary depending upon the pinnacle in the cloud. Towards the bottom, at temperatures of around −35 to −45 °C (−31 to −49 °F), the crystals tend to be long, solid, hexagonal columns. Towards the summit of the cloud, at temperatures of effectually −47 to −52 °C (−53 to −62 °F), the predominant crystal types are thick, hexagonal plates and short, solid, hexagonal columns.[48] [l] These clouds commonly produce halos, and sometimes the halo is the just indication that such clouds are present.[51] They are formed by warm, moist air being lifted slowly to a very high altitude.[52] When a warm front approaches, cirrostratus clouds become thicker and descend forming altostratus clouds,[i] and rain usually begins 12 to 24 hours later.[51]

[edit]

A composite black-and-white photograph showing cirrus clouds over the surface of Mars.

Cirrus clouds have been observed on several other planets. On 18 September 2008, the Martian Lander Phoenix took a time-lapse photograph of a grouping of cirrus clouds moving across the Martian sky using LiDAR.[53] Almost the end of its mission, the Phoenix Lander detected more thin clouds close to the northward pole of Mars. Over the class of several days, they thickened, lowered, and somewhen began snowing. The full precipitation was only a few thousandths of a millimeter. James Whiteway from York University concluded that "atmospheric precipitation is a component of the [Martian] hydrologic wheel."[54] These clouds formed during the Martian nighttime in 2 layers, i around four,000 yard (thirteen,000 ft) in a higher place ground and the other at surface level. They lasted through early morning before being burned away past the sun. The crystals in these clouds were formed at a temperature of −65 °C (−85 °F), and they were shaped roughly like ellipsoids 0.127 millimeters long and 0.042 millimeters broad.[55]

On Jupiter, cirrus clouds are composed of ammonia. When Jupiter'due south South Equatorial Chugalug disappeared, ane hypothesis put forward by Glenn Orten was that a big quantity of ammonia cirrus clouds had formed above it, hiding it from view.[56] NASA's Cassini probe detected these clouds on Saturn[57] and thin water-ice cirrus on Saturn's moon Titan.[58] Cirrus clouds equanimous of methane ice exist on Uranus.[59] On Neptune, thin wispy clouds which could peradventure be cirrus have been detected over the Neat Dark Spot. As on Uranus, these are probably methane crystals.[sixty]

Interstellar cirrus clouds are composed of tiny dust grains smaller than a micrometer and are therefore non true clouds of this genus which are composed of ice crystals or other frozen liquids.[61] They range from a few light years to dozens of light years across. While they are not technically cirrus clouds, the dust clouds are referred to as "cirrus" because of their similarity to the clouds on Earth. They as well emit infrared radiation, like to the way cirrus clouds on Earth reflect heat being radiated out into space.[62]

Sources [edit]

Footnotes

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External links [edit]

  • A cloud atlas with many photos and description of the different cloud genera
  • UIUC.edu's online guide to meteorology
  • International Cloud Atlas – Cirrus

murphypoette.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus_cloud

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