The Supreme Courts Power of Judicial Review Establishes the Three-tiered Court System
In the United States, commonwealth relies on maintaining a residuum of ability betwixt three key branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch, which is where the Supreme Court (SCOTUS) resides. Deemed experienced legal experts, the Main Justice and 8 Acquaintance Justices who sit down on the court have the concluding say when it comes to interpreting American laws and the Constitution.
As such, the Supreme Court patently plays a powerful function in confirming or denying legal rights and practices in the U.Southward., and, at times, the Court'southward decisions have completely contradistinct the fabric of life in America and the course of the nation. For instance, the Court ruled on landmark cases such as Brownish v. Board of Education, which outlawed racial segregation in public schools, and Roe 5. Wade, which legalized ballgame. More recently, the Court'southward ruling on Bostock v. Clayton County ensured that under Title Seven of the Civil Rights Deed of 1964, LGBTQ+ workers are protected from workplace discrimination. Needless to say, the Court's rulings are equally important equally ever.
Of class, similar any function of a branch of government in the U.S., the Supreme Court is subject to checks and balances; presidents have the ability to appoint new justices when seats on the Court open up upwardly, and the Senate has the power to confirm or decline those appointments. Regardless, the justices who are selected serve for a lifetime — or until they step down — which means they wield meaning power in our democracy. With this in listen, we're taking a look at the current lineup of Supreme Court justices — and how their histories with interpreting the law might shape our country in the coming years.
John G. Roberts Jr., Master Justice | September 29, 2005
President George W. Bush appointed John Glover Roberts Jr. to the Supreme Courtroom in 2005, making him the Courtroom'due south 17th Main Justice. Born in Buffalo, New York, Chief Justice Roberts earned both his bachelor's and law degree from Harvard University. In the lead up to his SCOTUS appointment, the Harvard grad held many respected legal roles, including Associate Counsel to President Ronald Reagan from 1982 to 1986; Principal Deputy Solicitor General for the U.S. Department of Justice from 1989 to 1993; and Appellate Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 2003.
In terms of his full general political philosophy, Chief Justice Roberts leans toward more conservative points of view. At the same time, he strongly believes the Court but interprets laws that already exist and that they aren't in the business of making laws. This belief has led him to oppose the wishes of the Republican party on several landmark cases, including Obergefell v. Hodges, which made same-sexual activity marriage a constitutional right, besides every bit National Federation of Independent Business 5. Sebelius and King v. Burwell, which upheld the constitutionality of different aspects of the Affordable Care Act.
Clarence Thomas, Associate Justice | October 23, 1991
In 1991, President George H.W. Bush appointed Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court as an Acquaintance Justice. Born just outside of Savannah, Georgia, the time to come SCOTUS justice attended the College of the Holy Cross before earning his law caste from Yale Police School. Later graduation, Thomas served equally Assistant Attorney General of Missouri from 1974 to 1977; Chairman of the U.Due south. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from 1982 to 1990; and Appellate Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1990 to 1991.
For the most role, Thomas is known as an "originalist" — that is, he looks at ramble bug based on the original intentions of the founding fathers, regardless of how life may have changed during the interceding years. Interestingly, Thomas doesn't often participate in oral arguments and, despite contempo Trump Administration appointments, the University of Michigan ranked him the near conservative justice on the Court by a large margin, equally per the university'south Martin-Quinn score system, a means of measuring one's ideology. Notably, Thomas authored the opinion for Kansas 5. March, which upheld the constitutionality of a Kansas death penalty statute.
Stephen Chiliad. Breyer, Associate Justice | Baronial iii, 1994
President Nib Clinton appointed Stephen Breyer to the Supreme Courtroom as an Associate Justice in 1994. The San Francisco-born justice attended Stanford University and attained a bachelor'southward in philosophy, earlier studying at Oxford Academy as a Marshall Scholar and earning an LL.B. from Harvard Law Schoolhouse. Early in his career, Breyer gained some familiarity with SCOTUS by serving as a police force clerk for Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg in 1964.
Before returning to the halls of the SCOTUS edifice, Breyer was also an Banana Special Prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force in 1973; taught at Harvard Law School from 1967 to 1994; served for a decade as an Appellate Judge for the U.s.a. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit; and was appointed Chief Guess for said court from 1990 to 1994. More often than not, the pragmatic justice is known for his moderate ideology. Similar any proficient philosophy major, Breyer considers both the real-world consequences and the original intention of the writers of the Constitution when formulating an opinion. Memorably, Breyer wrote the unanimous courtroom opinion for NLRB v. Noel Canning, which limits the recess appointment power of the president.
Samuel A. Alito Jr., Associate Justice | January 31, 2006
In 2006, President George W. Bush-league nominated Samuel Alito Jr. as an Acquaintance Justice on the Supreme Court. Built-in in Trenton, New Jersey, Alito attended Princeton University, where he participated in the ROTC program, before setting his sights on Yale Law School. Early in his career, Alito served every bit a constabulary clerk for Leonard Garth of the U.s.a. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit before becoming an Banana U.S. Chaser for the District of New Jersey in 1977.
Alito rounded out his resume by working for the U.Southward. Department of Justice every bit Banana to the Solicitor General, Deputy Assistant Chaser General and U.Southward. Attorney for the District of New Jersey. Before joining the Court, he was appointed Appellate Judge on the United States Courtroom of Appeals for the Third Circuit in 1990. Although he reportedly evaluates subjects on a case-past-case basis, Alito generally leans conservative, with his 2019 Martin-Quinn score ranking him the 2nd-most conservative justice on the Courtroom. Alito has authored numerous notable opinions, including Mitchell v. Wisconsin, which allows blood alcohol tests on unconscious drivers without a warrant, and Husted 5. Randolph Institute, which upheld Ohio's methods for maintaining voter registration records.
Sonia Sotomayor, Associate Justice | Baronial 8, 2009
In August 2009, President Barack Obama appointed Sonia Sotomayor to the Supreme Court equally the first Hispanic and Latinx Associate Justice and but the tertiary woman. Born and raised in the Bronx, she was determined to become an attorney after being inspired by an episode of Perry Bricklayer. Afterwards earning her available's from Princeton University, she attended Yale Police School for her J.D. After school, Sotomayor started her career equally an Assistant District Attorney in the New York County Commune Attorney's Office in 1979 and and so worked as an associate and partner for Pavia & Harcourt from 1984 to 1992. In 1991, President George H.W. Bush nominated her to the U.S. Commune Courtroom, Southern Commune of New York, where she served from 1992 to 1998.
Just prior to her SCOTUS appointment, Sotomayor served as an Appellate Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1998 to 2009. Based on the 2019 Martin-Quinn scores, Sotomayor is the nigh liberal justice on the Courtroom: She dissented from the majority on the very showtime case she heard on the Courtroom — Citizens United 5. Federal Election Committee — establishing her as a assuming, unwavering justice right off the bat. Since then, she has been a key member in landmark decisions like Obergefell v. Hodges.
Elena Kagan, Associate Justice | August 7, 2010
A year after Justice Sotomayor'south date, President Barack Obama also appointed the fourth female Associate Justice to the Supreme Court. Born in New York City, Elena Kagan earned her bachelor's degree at Princeton Academy, studied at Oxford to attain a Master of Philosophy and then attended Harvard Law Schoolhouse for her J.D. in 1986. Afterwards, Kagan began her legal career as a clerk for Judge Abner Mikva of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1986 to 1987 and for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the U.Southward. Supreme Court during the 1987 term.
After spending some time in private do, she taught at the University of Chicago Law School and Harvard Constabulary School, ultimately serving as the Dean of Harvard Law School from 2003 to 2009. Before appointing her to the Court, President Obama nominated her Solicitor General of the United States. Much similar Sotomayor, Kagan tends to lean liberal. She sided with the majority in several recent landmark cases, including King v. Burwell, where she ruled in favor of supporting the Affordable Intendance Human activity, and Obergefell v. Hodges, which legalized aforementioned-sex marriage. Kagan's support of aforementioned-sex marrigae is notable in that it marked a shift from the position she expressed at her confirmation hearing.
Neil M. Gorsuch, Associate Justice | Apr 10, 2017
The first Associate Justice appointed to the Supreme Court by President Donald Trump, Neil Gorsuch was sworn in on April 10, 2017. Born in Denver, Colorado, Gorsuch received a bachelor's degree from Columbia University before pursuing a J.D. at Harvard Police School. Afterward, his legal career began in 1991 when he took up a police clerk position under Guess David Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. In his first brush with SCOTUS, Gorsuch clerked for Supreme Courtroom Justices Byron White and Anthony Kennedy from 1993 to 1995 before setting his sights elsewhere.
With a decade of private practice under his belt, Gorsuch served as Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General at the U.South. Department of Justice for a year from 2005 to 2006, and, at the end of that service, President George W. Bush appointed him to the United states of america Courtroom of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. Much like Thomas, Gorsuch is a Constitutional originalist, though many political writers take deemed him more libertarian than conservative, citing that he's "willing to go his own fashion." In his short time on the court, Gorsuch has sided with the bulk on several important cases, including Hobby Vestibule v. Sebelius, which involved upholding religious liberties related to the Affordable Care Act.
Brett M. Kavanaugh, Associate Justice | October 6, 2018
President Donald Trump appointed Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court as an Acquaintance Justice in 2018. With allegations of sexual misconduct cropping in the wake of his nomination, Kavanaugh's appointment hearing was one of the most contentious in SCOTUS' history. Equally Americans may call up from said hearings, Kavanaugh earned both his available's and J.D. from Yale earlier serving as a law clerk for several prominent judges, including Approximate Walter Stapleton of the U.Southward. Courtroom of Appeals for the Tertiary Circuit and Justice Anthony Kennedy of the U.S. Supreme Court.
Later on on, Kavanaugh spent fourth dimension equally a partner in a D.C. constabulary firm and so served as Acquaintance Counsel and Senior Associate Counsel to President George W. Bush-league from 2001 to 2003, which led President Bush to appoint him to the U.s. Courtroom of Appeals for the District of Columbia Excursion in 2006. Although his time on the Courtroom simply started, Kavanaugh has already authored two timely opinions related to the tech manufacture, including Apple v. Pepper and Manhattan Community Access Corp. 5. Halleck, which determined a public access company isn't subject to the Offset Amendment. Although many experts feared a far right shift in the Court due to Kavanaugh's appointment, his 2019 Martin-Quinn score placed him in the conservative range by a slim margin.
Amy Coney Barrett, Associate Justice | Oct 27, 2020
When Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg passed away on September 18, 2020, outgoing President Donald Trump wasted no fourth dimension in queuing upwardly a nominee for the empty Supreme Court seat, eventually landing on Amy Coney Barrett. A little over a calendar month after, Barrett became the fifth adult female to serve on the Supreme Courtroom of the U.s.. Much like Kavanaugh's nomination, Barrett's drew quite a bit of controversy, though most of the criticism was leveraged confronting the date timeline rather than her qualifications.
Later on receiving a bachelor's from Rhodes College, Barrett attended Notre Dame Constabulary School, where she would go on to work every bit a law school professor for many years. Apart from her academic path, she has clerked for Gauge Laurence Silberman of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as well as former SCOTUS justice Antonin Scalia, who probable helped inform Barrett's originalist opinion. Additionally, Barrett served fewer than 3 years on the Seventh Circuit before her nomination to the highest court in the American judicial system. While Barrett joined her peers in dismissing President Trump's election challenge, some critics fright that her devout Catholicism might make landmark rulings, like Roe v. Wade and Obergefell v. Hodges, vulnerable to change.
Source: https://www.reference.com/world-view/get-to-know-nine-supreme-court-justices?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex
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